Muscle system pro iii for windows
Precisely coordinated activity between each of these components is essential for shaping the state of muscular health and associated motor activity. Skeletal muscle is highly vascularized and innervated, and embedded with components of the metabolic and regulatory machinery, supporting efficient energy production and cellular homeostasis (Figure (Figure1). Bundles of myofibers form the fascicles, and bundles of fascicles form the muscle tissue, with each layer successively encapsulated by the extracellular matrix (ECM Lieber, 2009) and supported by the cytoskeletal networks. Each myofiber (containing several myofibrils), represents a muscle cell with its basic cellular unit called the sarcomere.
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Briefly, skeletal muscle is a highly organized tissue containing several bundles of muscle fiber (myofibers). A cursory glance at the cellular structure and molecular cross‐talk allows us to appreciate the complexity in composition, structure and function of striated muscle, designed to accomplish the task of generating contraction, force and movement.
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While the cardiac (heart) muscle functionally represents a set of self‐stimulating, non‐fatiguing muscle cells with an intermediate energy requirement, skeletal muscle represents a set of innervated, voluntary muscle cells that exhibit fatigue with high energy requirements (e.g., muscles of the thigh or forearm). Striated muscle is composed of two major muscle types-skeletal and cardiac. We particularly emphasize the impact of environmental stressors (inflammation and oxidative stress) in contributing to muscle pathophysiology including atrophy, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. We highlight aberrant molecular mechanisms and their possible clinical or pathophysiological relevance. We next review the molecular structure and mechanisms underlying the many structural components of the muscle: neuromuscular junction, sarcomere, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and vasculature surrounding muscle. We begin this review with a focus on molecular mechanisms underlying muscle tissue development (myogenesis), with an emphasis on satellite cells and muscle regeneration. The objective of this review is to provide a systems‐level, comprehensive mapping the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle structure and function, in health and disease.
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The “omics” revolution has propelled a new era in muscle research, allowing us to discern minute details of molecular cross‐talk required for effective coordination between the myriad interacting components for efficient muscle function. Skeletal muscle can be viewed as a biomechanical device with various interacting components including the autonomic nerves for impulse transmission, vasculature for efficient oxygenation, and embedded regulatory and metabolic machinery for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Decades of research in skeletal muscle physiology have provided multiscale insights into the structural and functional complexity of this important anatomical tissue, designed to accomplish the task of generating contraction, force and movement.